Cara Mendapatkan Emblem + Token
1. KLIK "Join this Group"
2. KLIK "Invite People to Join"
3. KLIK semua teman kamu minimal 100 orang
4.Lalu tekan enter dan KLIK Tombol "Send Invitations"
5.setelah malakukan semua cara diatas tadi
bacalah cara2 berikut ini!
Bagi teman2 yg lg main NINJA SAGA
klw kalian mau dpt emblem n token secara gratis
caranya gampang banget
pertama2 kalian bikin dl rekening paypal
daftarnya d https://www.paypal.com/au/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_home&country_lang.x=true
n jgn lupa bahasanya d ubah
supaya kalian mudah membaca caranya
nah!!! d situ ad d suruh pilih :
- pribadi
- primer
- bisnis
utk kalian yg main NS
cukup pilih PRIBADI aj
lalu klik memulai
setelah itu isi formulirnya
catatan : utk kolom tanggal lahir
format isiannya BULAN/TANGGAL/TAHUN
dan tahunnya harus yg berumur 18 tahun ke atas
berarti isi aj TAHUN 1990
krn sering d situ banyak yg salah
dan bagi yg tdk ad kartu kredit
caranya
d situ ad tulisan
"Hubungkan kartu kredit saya, supaya saya dapat segera mulai berbelanja (dianjurkan)"
yg d centang
kalian cukup menghilangkan centangnya
setelah formulirnya d isi
lalu klik SETUJU DAN BUAT REKENING
setelah itu
maka akan tampak gambar kartu kredit
kalian abaikan saja
kalian klik aj langsung tulisan MASUK KE REKENING SAYA
setelah nampak tabel n saldo paypal anda $0.00 USD
kalian klik LOG OUT
lalu kalian periksa kotak surat email kalian
utk mengkonfirmasikan paypal kalian
supaya nnt bs d LOG IN lagi
setelah msk ke inbox email kalian
d situ ad tulisan HUBUNGKAN KARTU ANDA
lalu klik
nnt ad d minta kode sandi
masukkan aj kode sandi yg kalian bikin td
wkt isi formulir
lalu klik KONFIRMASI
setelah itu
nnt kita d minta msk in dua buah pertanyaan keamanan
pilih aj pertanyaannya
n d jawab
caranya sama kok kayak kita bikin email
kalian pst nya ngerti kan?
setelah d pilih n d isi
lalu klik KIRIMKAN
setelah keluar tampilan baru
kalian langsung klik MASUK KE REKENING SAYA
berhasil dech registrasinya
sekarang masalah survey nya
kalian klik tautan berikut
http://www.AWSurveys.com/HomeMain.cfm?RefID=semvrul
lalu klik CREATE A FREE ACCOUNT
n kalian isi formulirnya
setelah d isi formulirnya
lalu klik CREATE FREE ACCOUNT
lalu ikuti dech survey2 nya
dgn cara meng klik tulisan
WELCOME SURVEY $6.00
$4.00
sampai yg tulisan JANUARY BONUS
jd yg pertama kalian klik yg welcome survey $6.00 dl
lalu nnt akan keluar tampilan baru
lalu klik START SURVEY
lalu nnt ad tampilan baru
d situ kalian d mnt msk in website
jd masukin aj www.paypal.com
ke dua2 nya
setelah itu tekan ENTER
nah nnt ad kluar tampilan yg bertulisan
Click Here to go Home and to see your New Balance
klik aj
berarti kalian berhasil melakukan survey nya
gampang kan
lalu lakukan lg seperti hal yg sama sprt yg d ats
berikut nya kalian klik $4.00
dan seterusnya
nnt kalian akan memperoleh $27.00
utk mendapatkan $75
kalian hrs refer friends
caranya klik REFER FRIENDS
lalu d situ nnt ad tulisan
Your Direct Referring Link is below
d bawahnya ad tautan sperti punya gw
http://www.AWSurveys.com/HomeMain.cfm?RefID=semvrul
nnt kalian blok lalu kalian copy
n paste kan d dinding2 grup atau dinding2 profil teman2 u
nnt klw ad yg meng klik tautan u
n ad yg mendaftar
nnt otomatis dollar u meningkat secara otomatis sebesar $1.25
jika dollar u udh mencapai $75
baru u bs redeem kan
caranya d bawah tabel jumlah dollar survey u
d situ ad tulisan REDEEM MONEY
d klik aj
lalu setelah muncul tampilan baru
d tulisan Redeem Amount ad pilihan
- $75
- $200
- $350
- $500
u pilih berapa jumlah dollar u skrg
lalu d tulisan Redeem Method ad pilihan uga
n u pilih yg PAYPAL
krn d ats td kan kita bikin PAYPAL
berarti uang nya nnt msk nya d REKENING PAYPAL kalian yg kalian bikin tadi
setelah itu klik REDEEM NOW
nnt kita d minta msk in alamat email yg kita pakai buat PAYPAL td
lalu masukin aj alamat email nya
lalu tekan ENTER
maka d situ kluar tulisan
supaya kita menunggu 5 hari
maka dollar2 tsb akan msk ke REKENING PAYPAL setelah 5 hari kemudian
setelah 5 hari kemudian
kalian cek saldo rekening kalian d PAYPAL
apakah bertambah
jika bertambah
maka langsung kalian buka NINJA SAGA
n langsung msk ke GET TO EMBLEM
d situ kita pilih
mau pake metode pembayaran apa
utk membeli emblemnya
tanpa ragu2
n penuh keyakinan
kalian pilih metode pembayaran PAYPAL
dan akhirnya kalian mendapatkan emblem
nah kan msh ad tu lbh dollarnya
$56
krn harga emblem cm $19.00
jd lebihnya kalian beli aj TOKEN!!! Dech...!!!
Cara Dapet Token Ninja Saga Gratis
DDR 3 SDRAM
DDR3 SDRAM adalah penerus dan perkembangan dari generasi pendahulunya, yaitu DDR2 SDRAM. Kelebihan utama DDR3 SDRAM adalah kemampuannya untuk menjalankan bus I/O hingga empat kali kecepatan sel-sel memori.Hal ini yang mengakibatkan DDR3 SDRAM mampu mentransmisi data lebih banyak dan lebih cepat dibandingkan generasi pendahulunya. Namun DDR3 SDRAM memiliki latency yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan DDR2 SDRAM. Teknologi DDR3 ini membuka peluang besar diciptakannya chip memori berkapasitas 512 Mbit hingga 8 Gbit, dan secara efektif sangat memungkinkan diwujudkannya pembuatan modul memori berkapasitas maksimum 16 GB. DDR3 SDRAM memiliki 240 pin, sama jumlahnya dengan pin DDR2 SDRAM. Ukuran panjang DDR3 SDRAM juga sama dengan panjang DDR2 SDRAM, tetapi kedua jenis modul tersebut secara elektronis tidak saling kompatibel satu dengan lainnya, dan keduanya memiliki lokasi notch (takian/kowakan) yang berbeda. Tegangan DDR3 SDRAM diturunkan dari 1.8V ke 1.5V. Hal ini akan mengurangi konsumsi daya dan panas, serta konfigurasi memori memungkinkan lebih padat untuk kapasitas yang lebih tinggi.Secara teori, kecepatan yang dimiliki oleh RAM ini memang cukup memukau. Ia mampu mentransfer data dengan clock efektif 800-1600 MHz. Pada clock 400-800 MHz, jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan DDR2 sebesar 400-1066 MHz (200-553 MHz) dan DDR sebesar 200-600 MHz (100-300 MHz).
| DIMM Module | Chip Type | Clock Speed | Data Rate | Transfer Rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PC3-8500 | DDR3-1066 | 533 | 1066 | 8,530 |
| PC3-10667 | DDR3-1333 | 667 | 1333 | 10,660 |
| PC3-12800 | DDR3-1600 | 800 | 1600 | 12,800 |
| PC3-14900 | DDR3-1866 | 933 | 1866 | 14,930 |
• Bandwidth lebih tinggi (sampai dengan 1600 MHz)
• Peningkatan performa pada daya yang lebih kecil.
• Pada laptop, baterai akan lebih tahan lama.
• Operasional memori tambahan untuk meningkatkan kinerja, efisiensi dan margin timing
• Memungkinkan beberapa kepadatan tinggi, rendah tegangan modul pilihan untuk server, desktop, notebook dan aplikasi.
• Dilengkapi desain sistem pendingin (cooler) yang lebih bagus.
Kekurangan RAM DDR3
• Modul memori DDR3 tidak kompatibel ke belakang untuk motherboard berbasis DDR2
• Mempunyai CAS Latency yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan generasi pendahulunya sebagai kompensasi dari tingginya bandwidth.
• Harga yg mahal dibandingkan RAM DDR2
Sumber : DDR3 SDRAM
LEER M�S...
Permainan pada Registry
Mungkin sudah banyak artikel yg memuat tentang registry windows. Registry merupakan kumpulan dari data windows yang dipakai untuk mengatur jalannya sistem operasi windows. Untuk melakukan perubahan pada windows menggunakan program regedit. Caranya RUN lalu ketik regedit. Akan terlihat 6 root keys yang mempunyai tugas yang berbeda setiap key.
Penjelasan singkat keenam root keys :
1. HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT menangani semua jenis file yang ada di windows dan menyimpan setting software
2. HKEY_USER menangani semua informasi user yang aktif serta menangani setting control panel pada sistem operasi windows
3. HKEY_CURRENT_USER menangani satu informasi user yang aktif pada sistem operasi windows.
4. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE memuat informasi tentang hardware yang dipakai pada komputer tersebut.
5. HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG untuk mencatat konfigurasi sistem yang ada.
6. HKEY_DYN_DATA untuk mengetahui tingkat kinerja suatu sistem dan dalam jaringan. (Tapi di windows xp dah ga ada)
Nah, skarang kita mulai saja
1. Menyembunyikan Drive pada explorer
Key"HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer" or bisa JuGa
Key"HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer"
Value "NoDrives"
Tipe data "DWORD"
cuma segini value data-nya yang saya tau
Value Data 1 = Buat Hide Drive A
Value Data 4 = Buat Hide Drive C
Value Data 8 = Buat Hide Drive D
Value Data 16 = Buat Hide Drive E
Value Data 29 = Buat Hide Drive A,C,D,E (1 + 4 + 8 + 16)
Value Data 32 = Buat Hide Drive F
Value Data 140 = Buat Hide Drive G
Value Data 180 = Buat Hide Drive H
Klo anda mau hide drive
misal : Drive A, Drive C
jadi Nilai Value data yang diisi di regedit = Nilai Value Data A + Nilai Value Data C
= 1 + 4
= 5
2. Mendisable akses untuk melihat drive
Key"HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer" or bisa JuGa
key"HKEY_USERS\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer"
Value "NoViewOnDrive"
Tipe data "DWORD"
cuma segini value data-nya yang saya tau
Value Data 1 = Buat Hide Drive A
Value Data 4 = Buat Hide Drive C
Value Data 8 = Buat Hide Drive D
Value Data 16 = Buat Hide Drive E
Value Data 29 = Buat Hide Drive A,C,D,E (1 + 4 + 8 + 16)
Value Data 32 = Buat Hide Drive F
Value Data 140 = Buat Hide Drive G
Value Data 180 = Buat Hide Drive H
Klo anda mau hide drive lebih dari 1 drive
misal : Drive D, Drive E
jadi Nilai Value data yang diisi di regedit = Nilai Value Data D + Nilai Value Data E
= 8 + 16
= 24
Sekarang bagian Add and Remove Programs & Control Panel
Control Panel
1. Menghilangkan Access Control Panel
key"HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer"
atau
key"HKEY_USER\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer"
Value "NoControlPanel"
Tipe data "DWORD"
Add and Remove Programs
1. Menghilangkan Add or Remove Programs
key"HKEY_USER\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Uninstall"
Value "NoAddRemovePrograms"
Tipe data "DWORD"
2. Menghilangkan change or Remove Programs
key"HKEY_USER\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Uninstall"
Value "NoRemovePage"
Tipe data "DWORD"
3. Menghilangkan Add New Programs
key"HKEY_USER\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Uninstall"
Value "NoAddPage"
Tipe data "DWORD"
4. Menghilangkan Add/Remove Windows Components
key"HKEY_USER\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Uninstall"
Value "NoWindowsSetupPage"
Tipe data "DWORD"
5. Menghilangkan Support Information
key"HKEY_USER\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Uninstall"
Value "NoSupportInfo"
Tipe data "DWORD"
6. Menghilangkan Set programs access and default
key"HKEY_USER\S-1-5-21-776561741-823518204-725345543-1004\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Uninstall"
Value "NoChooseProgramsPage"
Tipe data "DWORD"
semuanya isi dengan value data = 1 untuk mengaktifkan &
= 0 untuk me-nonaktifkan
Klo ini buat CMD
1. MenDisable CMD
key "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\System"
Value "DisableCMD"
Tipe data "DWORD"
Value Data = 1 = Buat Disable CMD ama Command Script
2 = Buat Disable CMD-Nya Aja
Untuk menormalkan semua perubahan yang dibuat tinggal mengganti nilai 1 atau lainnya menjadi nilai 0
Contoh Surat Lamaran Kerja
Contoh Surat Lamaran Kerja
Jl. singkep raya
Bekasi
Bekasi Timur 171111
Phone : 021 - 8806722
August 17th, 2009
Attention To:
Mr. Parjo
PT. Satu Untuk Semua
Jl. Gatot Subroto
jakarta
Dear Mr. Parjo,
I am a graduate student in Computer Science at Indonesia University, and I will be awarded an M.S. degree in July 2007. I am currently looking for a position related to Database/Graphics Package Design in the research and development department of a major company.
Before coming to Indonesia University, I designed, supervised, and completed a CAD system. The function covers vector, character and curve generation, windowing, shading, and transformations.
At Indonesia University, my research work involves Compilation of Relational Queries into Network DML. To enhance my background, I have taken some courses in computer graphics and database, and I have experience in and an understanding of the design of databases. With this b background, I certainly believe that I am competent to meet challenging tasks and can make a good contribution to your company.
Enclosed is my resume, which indicates in some detail my training and experience. I sincerely hope that my qualifications are of interest to you and that an interview might be arranged at your convenience.
Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely yours,
De rossi
Mengamankan Jaringan dengan Virtual Private Network
Menghubungkan komputer ke dalam jaringan memang sangatlah beresiko. Akan tetapi tidak ada pilihan lain bagi sebuah perusahaan / institusi / perorangan untuk tidak menghubungkan komputernya ke jaringan internet. Karena di dalam jaringan tersebut terdapat relasi, konsumen, vendor, karyawan atau pemilik usaha lain yang hanya bisa melakukan kontak melalui jaringan.
Dengan terhubungnya komputer ke dalam jaringan maka akan sangat berpotensi mendapatkan ancaman dari para hacker, spies,kriminal dan lain-lain. Mereka akan terus berusaha untuk melakukan perusakan maupun pencurian yang berupa informasi milik perusahaan atau institusi.
Beberapa metode penyerangan yang biasa dilakukan oleh para hacker, spies, dan lain-lain adalah :
? Eavesdropping, mendapatkan duplikasi pesan tanpa ijin
? Masquerading, Mengirim atau menerima pesanmenggunakan identitas lain tanpa ijin mereka
? Message tampering, Mencegat atau menangkap pesan dan mengubah isinya sebelum dilanjutkan ke penerima sebenarnya. “man-in-the-middle attack” adalah bentuk message tampering dengan mencegat pesan pertama pada pertukaran kunci enkripsi pada pembentukan suatu saluran yang aman. Penyerang menyisipkan kunci lain yang memungkinkan dia untuk mendekrip pesan berikutnya seelum dienkrip oleh penerima
? Replaying, menyimpan pesan yang ditangkap untuk pemakaian berikutnya.
? Denial of Service, membanjiri saluran atau sesumber lain dengan pesan yang bertujuan untuk menggagalkan pengaksesan pemakai lain
Perusahaan / institusi tidak akan dapat menghindari ancaman tersebut. Yang dapat dilakukan hanyalah melindungi jaringan agar tidak dapat dengan mudah ditembus oleh lawan. Salah satu usaha untuk melindungi keamanan jaringan adalah dengan VPN atau Virtual Private Network.
Virtual Private Network
Virtual private network atau disingkat VPN adalah variasi lain dari skema jaringan yang dibangun sebagai jaringan khusus dengan menggunakan jaringan internet umum. Karena menggunakan jaringan internet, sebuah perusahaan yang membuat WAN (Wide Area Network) berbasis VPN ini mampu menjangkau area yang sangat luas dan lintas geografi. VPN menyediakan koneksi poin-to-poin baik kepada kantor cabang maupun kepada seorang karyawan yang sedang bertugas ditempat lain.
VPN melakukan pengamanan jaringan dengan cara membuat semacam kanal / lorong maya. Lorong VPN tersebut menghubungkan 2 komputer atau network yang digunakan untuk mentransmisikan data dalam internet dengan aman. Lorong ini tidaklah nyata, tetapi berupa lorong / kanal imajiner yang keamanannya dibangun dengan cara menyandi / mengenkrip data yang ditransmisikan dalam network.
VPN merupakan alternatif yang murah dan efektif untuk penggunaan komunikasi data dalam jaringan khusus / privat, VPN membuat koneksi yang aman dengan menggunakan penyandian standar dan tehnik otentikasi IP Sec (kependekan dari IP Security), yang mana saat dioperasikan akan terlihat sama persis dengan koneksi langsung internet.
VPN dapat digunakan untuk membuat jaringan yang aman, efisien dan efektif antara kantor pusat dengan cabang dan/atau dengan staf/profesional yang sedang bertugas di lapangan, sepanjang terdapat jaringan internet. Jaringan internet diperlukan karena VPN beroperasi dengan menggunakan medium internet.
Terdapat 2 cara standar untuk membangun koneksi VPN yaitu :
1. VPN Gateway ke VPN Gateway;
2. Komputer dengan aplikasi VPN Client yang mendukung IP Sec ke VPN Gateway.
VPN Gateway akan membuat lorong atau kanal diantara dua titik jaringan. Salah satu titik jaringannya dapat berupa VPN Gateway juga, atau komputer dengan aplikasi VPN Client yang mendukung IP Sec. Koneksi tersebut akan membuat data dapat ditransmisikan dengan aman diantara kedua titik jaringan itu.
Mengapa VPN dibutuhkan ?
Selain berbagai kemudahan dan fleksibilitas yang diperoleh oleh komputer yang terhubung ke jaringan internet, hubungan itu akan juga menumbuhkan potensi ancaman yang ada.
Pengamanan jaringan yang pertama adalah dengan memasang sebuah firewalls sebagai penyaring. Karena firewalls akan melindungi data di dalam Local Area Network (LAN). Namun firewalls tidak dapat melindungi data yang ditransmisikan keluar dari LAN. Yang dapat melindungi data saat ditransmisikan keluar dari LAN menuju LAN lainnya adalah VPN.
Namun metode serangan terhadap informasi akan terus berkembang dan semakin beragam cara penyusupannya, maka apabila sebuah komputer yang terhubung pada jaringan memiliki keamanan yang kurang memadai, maka data dan informasi yang terdapat didalamnya akan menjadi sasaran serangan yang sangat mudah bagi para hacker atau yang lainnya. VPN hanyalah salah satu dari berbagai cara mengamankan jaringan. Maka masih memerlukan cara dan tingkat pengamanan jaringan lainnya untuk membuat data benar-benar aman dan terjamin ke otentikannya.
Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers
Definition
Articles, determiners, and quantifiers are those little words that precede and modify nouns:
the teacher, a college, a bit of honey, that person, those people, whatever purpose, either way, your choice
Sometimes these words will tell the reader or listener whether we're referring to a specific or general thing (the garage out back; A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!); sometimes they tell how much or how many (lots of trees, several books, a great deal of confusion). The choice of the proper article or determiner to precede a noun or noun phrase is usually not a problem for writers who have grown up speaking English, nor is it a serious problem for non-native writers whose first language is a romance language such as Spanish. For other writers, though, this can be a considerable obstacle on the way to their mastery of English. In fact, some students from eastern European countries — where their native language has either no articles or an altogether different system of choosing articles and determiners — find that these "little words" can create problems long after every other aspect of English has been mastered.
Determiners are said to "mark" nouns. That is to say, you know a determiner will be followed by a noun. Some categories of determiners are limited (there are only three articles, a handful of possessive pronouns, etc.), but the possessive nouns are as limitless as nouns themselves. This limited nature of most determiner categories, however, explains why determiners are grouped apart from adjectives even though both serve a modifying function. We can imagine that the language will never tire of inventing new adjectives; the determiners (except for those possessive nouns), on the other hand, are well established, and this class of words is not going to grow in number. These categories of determiners are as follows: the articles (an, a, the — see below; possessive nouns (Joe's, the priest's, my mother's); possessive pronouns, (his, your, their, whose, etc.); numbers (one, two, etc.); indefinite pronouns (few, more, each, every, either, all, both, some, any, etc.); and demonstrative pronouns. The demonstratives (this, that, these, those, such) are discussed in the section on Demonstrative Pronouns. Notice that the possessive nouns differ from the other determiners in that they, themselves, are often accompanied by other determiners: "my mother's rug," "the priests's collar," "a dog's life."
This categorization of determiners is based on Understanding English Grammar by Martha Kolln. 4rth Edition. MacMillan Publishing Company: New York. 1994.
Some Notes on Quantifiers
Like articles, quantifiers are words that precede and modify nouns. They tell us how many or how much. Selecting the correct quantifier depends on your understanding the distinction between Count and Non-Count Nouns. For our purposes, we will choose the count noun trees and the non-count noun dancing:
#The following quantifiers will work with count nouns:
many trees
a few trees
few trees
several trees
a couple of trees
none of the trees
#The following quantifiers will work with non-count nouns:
not much dancing
a little dancing
little dancing
a bit of dancing
a good deal of dancing
a great deal of dancing
no dancing
#The following quantifiers will work with both count and non-count nouns:
all of the trees/dancing
some trees/dancing
most of the trees/dancing
enough trees/dancing
a lot of trees/dancing
lots of trees/dancing
plenty of trees/dancing
a lack of trees/dancing
In formal academic writing, it is usually better to use many and much rather than phrases such as a lot of, lots of and plenty of.
There is an important difference between "a little" and "little" (used with non-count words) and between "a few" and "few" (used with count words). If I say that Tashonda has a little experience in management that means that although Tashonda is no great expert she does have some experience and that experience might well be enough for our purposes. If I say that Tashonda has little experience in management that means that she doesn't have enough experience. If I say that Charlie owns a few books on Latin American literature that means that he has some some books — not a lot of books, but probably enough for our purposes. If I say that Charlie owns few books on Latin American literature, that means he doesn't have enough for our purposes and we'd better go to the library.
Unless it is combined with of, the quantifier "much" is reserved for questions and negative statements:
* Much of the snow has already melted.
* How much snow fell yesterday?
* Not much.
Note that the quantifier "most of the" must include the definite article the when it modifies a specific noun, whether it's a count or a non-count noun: "most of the instructors at this college have a doctorate"; "most of the water has evaporated." With a general plural noun, however (when you are not referring to a specific entity), the "of the" is dropped:
* Most colleges have their own admissions policy.
* Most students apply to several colleges.
An indefinite article is sometimes used in conjunction with the quantifier many, thus joining a plural quantifier with a singular noun (which then takes a singular verb):
* Many a young man has fallen in love with her golden hair.
* Many an apple has fallen by October.
Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
-
much
x
I don't have much money.
many
x
-
I don't have many apples.
few*
x
-
We know few people in the area. I would like to get to know more.
a few**
x
-
We know a few people in the area. I know enough people to keep me happy.
little*
-
x
I know little English. I am going to have a problem getting around England.
a little**
-
x
I know a little English, at least enough to get England.
enough
x
x
I have enough money.
plenty
x
x
I have plenty of money.
** a few/a little - means that there are not a lot of something, but there is enough.
* There are a few apples. There are enough apples.
* There are a people at the meeting. There are enough people to hold a meeting. There are not a lot people, at the meeting, but there are enough
* I know a little English. He know enough English to manage.
* I have a little money.
*few/little - means that is not enough of something.
* There are few apples. There are not enough apples.
* There are few people. There are not enough people at the meeting. We can't hold a meeting, because there are not enough people.
* There is little money. We can't buy a lot of expensive food.
* If things for the holiday. I don't have enough money, then we will stay home and have a great time.
* They know little English. They can't get around very well. They don't know enough English to manage.
Present Perfect - Simple Past
Present Perfect
[has/have + past participle]
1. Present perfect - form
The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.
Affirmative
Subject
to have
past participle
She
has
visited
Negative
Subject
to have + not
past participle
She
hasn't
visited
Interrogative
to have
subject
past participle
Has
she
visited..?
Interrogative negative
to have + not subject past participle
Hasn't she visited...?
Example: to walk, present perfect
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I have walked
I haven't walked
Have I walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
He, she, it has walked
He, she, it hasn't walked
Has he,she,it walked
We have walked
We haven't walked
Have we walked?
You have walked
You haven't walked
Have you walked?
They have walked
They haven't walked
Have they walked?
2. Present perfect, function
The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.
BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.
The present perfect is used to describe:
1.An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.)
2. An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.)
3. A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.
4. An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work.
5. An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important)
Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read 'War and Peace' last week.
Examples:
1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.
a. They haven't lived here for years.
b. She has worked in the bank for five years.
c. We have had the same car for ten years.
d. Have you played the piano since you were a child?
2. When the time period referred to has not finished.
a. I have worked hard this week.
b. It has rained a lot this year.
c. We haven't seen her today.
3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.
a. They have seen that film six times.
b. It has happened several times already.
c. She has visited them frequently.
d. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.
4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).
a. Have you just finished work?
b. I have just eaten.
c. We have just seen her.
d. Has he just left?
5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.
a. Someone has eaten my soup!
b. Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?
c. She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.
SIMPLE PAST
BE CAREFUL! The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.
1. Simple past, form
Regular verbs: base+ed
e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped
Irregular verbs: see list in verbs
Simple past, be, have, do:
Subject
Verb
Be
Have
Do
I
was
had
did
You
were
had
did
He, she, it
was
had
did
We
were
had
did
You
were
had
did
They
were
had
did
Affirmative
a. I was in Japan last year
b. She had a headache yesterday.
c. We did our homework last night.
Negative and interrogative
Note: For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night. The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".
* They weren't in Rio last summer.
* We hadn't any money.
* We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
* We didn't do our exercises this morning.
* Were they in Iceland last January?
* Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?
* Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Simple past, regular verbs
Affirmative
Subject
verb + ed
I
washed
Negative
Subject
did not
infinitive without to
They
didn't
visit ...
Interrogative
Did
subject
infinitive without to
Did
she
arrive...?
Interrogative negative
Did not
subject
infinitive without to
Didn't
you
like..?
Example: to walk, simple past.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I walked
I didn't walk
Did I walk?
You walked
You didn't walk
Did you walk?
He,she,it walked
He didn't walk
Did he walk?
We walked
We didn't walk
Did we walk?
You walked
You didn't walk
Did you walk?
They walked
They didn't walk
Did they walk?
Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.
Examples: Simple past, irregular verbs
to go
a. He went to a club last night.
b. Did he go to the cinema last night?
c. He didn't go to bed early last night.
to give
d. We gave her a doll for her birthday.
e. They didn't give John their new address.
f. Did Barry give you my passport?
to come
g. My parents came to visit me last July.
h. We didn't come because it was raining.
i. Did he come to your party last week?
2. Simple past, function
The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.
* John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
* My father died last year.
* He lived in Fiji in 1976.
* We crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions
Examples:
* frequency:
often, sometimes, always;
* a definite point in time:
last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.
* an indefinite point in time:
the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.
Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g. a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
Examples:
a. Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
b. She finished her work at seven o'clock.
c. We saw a good film last week.
d. I went to the theatre last night.
e. She played the piano when she was a child.
f. He sent me a letter six months ago.
g. Peter left five minutes ago.
